PSG has now secured the season-opening cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome Marseille in the Gulf and secure a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward triumph in the match between the French league champions and the French Cup winners after the French winger opened the scoring early on.
However, Marseille struck twice in the closing moments to seize a surprise lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker grabbed a vital leveler in the final moments to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Lucas Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving crucial attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to complete a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time winners PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now won this trophy for the twelfth time in the last 13 years.